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%d         (#  '"% "#$&!Ps ` ` ̙33` 333MMM` ff3333f` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>L0   %(  d  C .ALogo (med)"  0|#" `  qGCNS offers distance learning courses for the Engineering Council Graduate Diploma examinations. www.gcns.ac.uk Pr 2a    0aoH  0޽h ? ̙33 Default Designj!L0 y q @@(  R  s *  hL    # [b "N       B  TD P `2  0 @P `2  0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B   TDP  `2  B 0` P `2  B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  hL p # C  N  P    p`2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P N  P   p `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P *F  >     0 r  B2 @ > Z2  s *  RB   s *Do  RB ! s *Do RB " s *Do RB # s *Do   $ 0Чs G  GV* 2  % 0է5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" & 00ۧN L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2 ' 0Ps G  GV* 2  ( 0s G  GV* 2 ^B ) 6D] ^B * 6D   + 0   C1& 2  X2 , 0   - 0T C2& 2  X2 . 0` / 0q C3& 2  X2 0 0~ 1 0 " 1  75 2 X2 2 0 " * LB 3@ c $D    dB 4 <ZDW   2 5 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 6 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 7 <$D i LB 8 c $DdB 9 <څD   fdB : <rD8 ; 0^/: Gp* 2 LB < c $DwdB = <ruD > 0^w$ C4& 2  X2 ? 0pB @ HD H  0޽h ?/ 56 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + L0 0>>(  R  s *  hL    # jb "N       B  TD P `2  0 @P `2  0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B   TDP  `2  B 0` P `2  B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  hL p # H  N  P    p`2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P N  P   p `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P *F  >     r  B2 @ > Z2  s *  RB   s *Do  RB ! s *Do RB " s *Do RB # s *Do   $ 0В^5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" % 0X^N L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B & 6D] ^B ' 6D   ( 0^   C1& 2  X2 ) 0   * 0ܭ^T C2& 2  X2 + 0` , 0^q C3& 2  X2 - 0~ . 0^ " 1  75 2 X2 / 0 " * LB 0@ c $D    dB 1 <ZDW   2 2 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4 <$D i LB 5 c $DdB 6 <څD   fdB 7 <rD8 8 04^/: Gp* 2 LB 9 c $DwdB : <ruD ; 0^w$ C4& 2  X2 < 0pB = HD  > 0$^s G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ 23 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + L0 @>>(  R  s *  hL    # yO /N       B  TD P `2  0 @P `2  0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B   TDP  `2  B 0` P `2  B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  hL p #   H N  P    p`2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P N  P   p `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P *F  >    r  B2 @ > Z2  s *  RB   s *Do  RB ! s *Do RB " s *Do RB # s *Do   $ 0x^5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" % 0^N L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B & 6D] ^B ' 6D   ( 0^   C1& 2  X2 ) 0   * 0^T C2& 2  X2 + 0` , 0^q C3& 2  X2 - 0~ . 0L^ " 1  75 2 X2 / 0 " * LB 0@ c $D    dB 1 <ZDW   2 2 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4 <$D i LB 5 c $DdB 6 <څD   fdB 7 <rD8 8 0|^/: Gp* 2 LB 9 c $DwdB : <ruD ; 0w$ C4& 2  X2 < 0pB = HD  > 0@s G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ 23 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + L0 P>>(  R  s *  hL    # R 2N       B  TD P `2  0 @P `2  0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B   TDP  `2  B 0` P `2  B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  hL p # 2 ' N  P    p`2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P N  P   p `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P *F  >    A a r  B2 @ > Z2  s *  RB   s *Do  RB ! s *Do RB " s *Do RB # s *Do   $ 05 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" % 0XN L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B & 6D] ^B ' 6D   ( 0   C1& 2  X2 ) 0   * 0"T C2& 2  X2 + 0` , 0\'q C3& 2  X2 - 0~ . 08, " 1  75 2 X2 / 0 " * LB 0@ c $D    dB 1 <ZDW   2 2 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4 <$D i LB 5 c $DdB 6 <څD   fdB 7 <rD8 8 0h2/: Gp* 2 LB 9 c $DwdB : <ruD ; 07w$ C4& 2  X2 < 0pB = HD > >  > 0p<s G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ 23 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + L0 `>S(  R  s *  RB  s *Do  RB  s *Do RB  s *Do hL    # R 2N       B  TD P `2  0 @P `2  0  `B   0D P `B ! 0DP P N    "   B # TDP  `2 $B 0` P `2 %B 0  `B & 0DP  `B 'B 0DPP  hL p (# xc n N  P  )  p`2 * 0 P `2 + 0 @P B , TD `B - 0D `B . 0DP P N  P  / p `2 0 0 P `2 1 0 @P B 2 TD `B 3 0D `B 4 0DP P *F  >  5  r 6 B2 @ > Z2 7 s *  RB 8 s *Do   9 0XL5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" : 0RN L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B ; 6D] ^B < 6D   = 0   C1& 2  X2 > 0   ? 0 T C2& 2  X2 @ 0` A 0q C3& 2  X2 B 0~ C 04 " 1  75 2 X2 D 0 " * LB E@ c $D    dB F <ZDW   2 G BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 H BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB I <$D i LB J c $DdB K <څD   fdB L <rD8 M 0/: Gp* 2 LB N c $DwdB O <ruD P 0ܯw$ C4& 2  X2 Q 0pB R HD  S 0s G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ GH ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + L0 p>> (   R  s *  RB  s *Do  RB  s *Do RB  s *Do hL     # R 2N        B  TD P `2   0 @P `2   0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B  TDP  `2  B 0` P `2  B 0  `B  0DP  `B  B 0DPP  hL p  #   N  P     p`2   0 P `2   0 @P B  TD `B   0D `B   0DP P N  P    p `2   0 P `2   0 @P B  TD `B   0D `B   0DP P *F  >     3 S r !  B2 @ > Z2 "  s *  RB # s *Do   $ 0X5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" % 0N L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B & 6D] ^B ' 6D   ( 0p   C1& 2  X2 ) 0   * 0 T C2& 2  X2 + 0` , 0q C3& 2  X2 - 0~ . 0T " 1  75 2 X2 / 0 " * LB 0 @ c $D    dB 1 <ZDW   2 2 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4 <$D i LB 5 c $DdB 6 <څD   fdB 7 <rD8 8 0/: Gp* 2 LB 9 c $DwdB : <ruD ; 0w$ C4& 2  X2 < 0pB = HDt 0 0  > 0s G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ 2 3  ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + L0 >>$(  $R $ s *̙ RB $ s *Do  RB $ s *Do RB $ s *Do hL    $# R 2N    $   B $ TD P `2  $ 0 @P `2  $ 0  `B  $ 0D P `B  $ 0DP P N     $   B $ TDP  `2 $B 0` P `2 $B 0  `B $ 0DP  `B $B 0DPP  hL p $# l A N  P  $  p`2 $ 0 P `2 $ 0 @P B $ TD `B $ 0D `B $ 0DP P N  P  $ p `2 $ 0 P `2 $ 0 @P B $ TD `B $ 0D `B $ 0DP P *F  >   $   r !$ B2 @ > Z2 "$ s *  RB #$ s *Do   $$ 0;5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %$ 0h;N L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B &$ 6D] ^B '$ 6D   ($ 0(;   C1& 2  X2 )$ 0   *$ 0(;T C2& 2  X2 +$ 0` ,$ 0;q C3& 2  X2 -$ 0~ .$ 0p; " 1  75 2 X2 /$ 0 " * LB 0$@ c $D    dB 1$ <ZDW   2 2$ BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3$ BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4$ <$D i LB 5$ c $DdB 6$ <څD   fdB 7$ <rD8 8$ 0 ;/: Gp* 2 LB 9$ c $DwdB :$ <ruD ;$ 0L%;w$ C4& 2  X2 <$ 0pB =$ HD   >$ 0x*;s G  GV* 2 H $ 0޽h ?/ 2$3$ ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L0 ==()(  (R ( s *̙ RB ( s *Do RB ( s *Do RB ( s *Do  hL    (# R 2N    (   B ( TD P `2  ( 0 @P `2  ( 0  `B  ( 0D P `B  ( 0DP P N     (   B ( TDP  `2 (B 0` P `2 (B 0  `B ( 0DP  `B (B 0DPP  hL p (# =  N  P  (  p`2 ( 0 P `2 ( 0 @P B ( TD `B ( 0D `B ( 0DP P N  P  ( p `2 ( 0 P `2 ( 0 @P B ( TD `B ( 0D `B ( 0DP P *F  >   (   r !( B2 @ > Z2 "( s *   #( 0X:;5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" $( 0@;N L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B %( 6D] ^B &( 6D   '( 0H;   C1& 2  X2 (( 0   )( 0L;T C2& 2  X2 *( 0` +( 0Q;q C3& 2  X2 ,( 0~ -( 0,V; " 1  75 2 X2 .( 0 " * LB /(@ c $D    dB 0( <ZDW   2 1( BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 2( BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 3( <$D i LB 4( c $DdB 5( <څD   fdB 6( <rD8 7( 0\\;/: Gp* 2 LB 8( c $DwdB 9( <ruD :( 0 a;w$ C4& 2  X2 ;( 0pB <( HD   =( 0Lf;s G  GV* 2 H ( 0޽h ?/ 1(2( ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + L0 >W,(  ,R , s *̙ RB , s *Do  RB , s *Do RB , s *Do hL    ,# _ N    ,   B , TD P `2  , 0 @P `2  , 0  `B  , 0D P `B  , 0DP P N     ,   B , TDP  `2 ,B 0` P `2 ,B 0  `B , 0DP  `B ,B 0DPP  hL p ,#   \ N  P  ,  p`2 , 0 P `2 , 0 @P B , TD `B , 0D `B , 0DP P N  P  , p `2 , 0 P `2 , 0 @P B , TD `B , 0D `B , 0DP P *F  >   ,  w r !, B2 @ > Z2 ", s *  RB #, s *Do   $, 0u;5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %, 0P|;N L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B &, 6D] ^B ', 6D   (, 0;   C1& 2  X2 ), 0   *, 0|;T C2& 2  X2 +, 0` ,, 0X;q C3& 2  X2 -, 0~ ., 0$; " 1  75 2 X2 /, 0 " * LB 0,@ c $D    dB 1, <ZDW   2 2, BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3, BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4, <$D i LB 5, c $DdB 6, <څD   fdB 7, <rD8 8, 0;/: Gp* 2 LB 9, c $DwdB :, <ruD ;, 0;w$ C4& 2  X2 <, 0pB V, HD tt  W, 0;s G  GV* 2 H , 0޽h ?/ 2,3, ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + L0 >>0(  0R 0 s *̙ RB 0 s *Do  RB 0 s *Do RB 0 s *Do hL    0# a !N    0   B 0 TD P `2  0 0 @P `2  0 0  `B  0 0D P `B  0 0DP P N     0   B 0 TDP  `2 0B 0` P `2 0B 0  `B 0 0DP  `B 0B 0DPP  hL p 0# _  N  P  0  p`2 0 0 P `2 0 0 @P B 0 TD `B 0 0D `B 0 0DP P N  P  0 p `2 0 0 P `2 0 0 @P B 0 TD `B 0 0D `B 0 0DP P *F  >   0  " r !0 B2 @ > Z2 "0 s *  RB #0 s *Do   $0 0;5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %0 0@;N L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B &0 6D] ^B '0 6D   (0 0;   C1& 2  X2 )0 0   *0 08;T C2& 2  X2 +0 0` ,0 0,;q C3& 2  X2 -0 0~ .0 0; " 1  75 2 X2 /0 0 " * LB 00@ c $D    dB 10 <ZDW   2 20 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 30 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 40 <$D i LB 50 c $DdB 60 <څD   fdB 70 <rD8 80 0;/: Gp* 2 LB 90 c $DwdB :0 <ruD ;0 0Dw$ C4& 2  X2 <0 0pB =0 HDO  >0 0s G  GV* 2 H 0 0޽h ?/ 2030 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + L0 >>4(  4R 4 s *̙ RB 4 s *Do  RB 4 s *Do RB 4 s *Do hL    4# c #N    4   B 4 TD P `2  4 0 @P `2  4 0  `B  4 0D P `B  4 0DP P N     4   B 4 TDP  `2 4B 0` P `2 4B 0  `B 4 0DP  `B 4B 0DPP  hL p 4# gT ] N  P  4  p`2 4 0 P `2 4 0 @P B 4 TD `B 4 0D `B 4 0DP P N  P  4 p `2 4 0 P `2 4 0 @P B 4 TD `B 4 0D `B 4 0DP P *F  >   4  r !4 B2 @ > Z2 "4 s *  RB #4 s *Do   $4 0\5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %4 0aN L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B &4 6D] ^B '4 6D   (4 0Di   C1& 2  X2 )4 0   *4 0mT C2& 2  X2 +4 0` ,4 0rq C3& 2  X2 -4 0~ .4 0Lw " 1  75 2 X2 /4 0 " * LB 04@ c $D    dB 14 <ZDW   2 24 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 34 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 44 <$D i LB 54 c $DdB 64 <څD   fdB 74 <rD8 84 0}/: Gp* 2 LB 94 c $DwdB :4 <ruD ;4 0w$ C4& 2  X2 <4 0pB =4 HD  >4 0̇s G  GV* 2 H 4 0޽h ?/ 2434 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +2L0 A9788(  8R 8 s *̙ RB 8 s *Do  RB 8 s *Do RB 8 s *Do hL    8# \ N    8   B 8 TD P `2  8 0 @P `2  8 0  `B  8 0D P `B  8 0DP P N     8   B 8 TDP  `2 8B 0` P `2 8B 0  `B 8 0DP  `B 8B 0DPP  L  P  8#  4D `2 8 0 P `2 8 0 @P B 8 TD `B 8 0D `B 8 0DP P 8F  >  8   8 B2 @"  > Z2 8 s *  RB 8 s *Do   8 0,5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" 8 0N L  D1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B 8 6D] ^B  8 6D   !8 0X   C1& 2  X2 "8 0   #8 0T C2& 2  X2 $8 0` %8 0q C3& 2  X2 &8 0~ '8 0 " 1  75 2 X2 (8 0 " * LB )8@ c $D    dB *8 <ZDW   2 +8 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 ,8 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB -8 <$D i LB .8 c $DdB /8 <څD   fdB 08 <rD8 18 00/: Gp* 2 LB 28 c $DwdB 38 <ruD 48 0w$ C4& 2  X2 58 0pB 78 HDz  88 0 s G  GV* 2 H 8 0޽h ?/ +8,8 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L0 88 (  R  s *̙ RB  s *Do  RB  s *Do RB  s *Do hL    # \ N       B  TD P `2   0 @P `2   0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B  TDP  `2 B 0` P `2 B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  L  P  #  4D `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P 8F  >      B2 @"  > Z2  s *  RB  s *Do    05 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&"  0N L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2B^B  6D] ^B  6D   ! 04   C1& 2  X2 " 0   # 0T C2& 2  X2 $ 0` % 0dq C3& 2  X2 & 0~ ' 0@ " 1  75 2 X2 ( 0 " * LB )@ c $D    dB * <ZDW   2 + BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 , BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB - <$D i LB . c $DdB / <څD   fdB 0 <rD8 1 0/: Gp* 2 LB 2 c $DwdB 3 <ruD 4 0lw$ C4& 2  X2 5 0pB 6 HDz P 7 C (AFlames1p J 8 0s G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ +, ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L0 8G< (  <R < s *| RB < s *Do  RB < s *Do RB < s *Do hL    <# \ N    <   B < TD P `2 < 0 @P `2 < 0  `B < 0D P `B < 0DP P N    <   B < TDP  `2 <B 0` P `2 <B 0  `B < 0DP  `B  <B 0DPP  L  P  !<#  4D `2 "< 0 P `2 #< 0 @P B $< TD `B %< 0D `B &< 0DP P 8F  >  '<   (< B2 @"  > Z2 )< s *  RB *< s *Do   ,< 0 `5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" -< 0h`N L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2B^B .< 6D] ^B /< 6D   0< 0`   C1& 2  X2 1< 0   2< 0T`T C2& 2  X2 3< 0` 4< 0d"`q C3& 2  X2 5< 0~ 6< 0@'` " 1  75 2 X2 7< 0 " * LB 8<@ c $D    dB 9< <ZDW   2 :< BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 ;< BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB << <$D i LB =< c $DdB >< <څD   fdB ?< <rD8 @< 0p-`/: Gp* 2 LB A< c $DwdB B< <ruD C< 02`w$ C4& 2  X2 D< 0P E< C (AFlames1p JpB F< HD  G< 07`s G  GV* 2 H < 0޽h ?/ :<;< ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L0 88 (  R  s *| RB  s *Do  RB  s *Do RB  s *Do hL    # \ N       B  TD P `2   0 @P `2   0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B  TDP  `2 B 0` P `2 B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  L  P  #  4D `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P 8F  >      B2 @"  > Z2  s *  RB  s *Do    0B`5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&"  0@I`N L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2B^B  6D] ^B  6D   ! 0Q`   C1& 2  X2 " 0   # 0V`T C2& 2  X2 $ 0` % 0`[`q C3& 2  X2 & 0~ ' 0<`` " 1  75 2 X2 ( 0 " * LB )@ c $D    dB * <ZDW   2 + BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 , BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB - <$D i LB . c $DdB / <څD   fdB 0 <rD8 1 0f`/: Gp* 2 LB 2 c $DwdB 3 <ruD 4 0k`w$ C4& 2  X2 5 0P 6 C (AFlames1p JpB 7 HD  8 0      B2 @"  > Z2  s *  RB  s *Do    0`5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&"  0p`N L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2_IX^B  6D] ^B  6D   ! 0č`   C1& 2  X2 " 0   # 0`T C2& 2  X2 $ 0` % 0t`q C3& 2  X2 & 0~ ' 0H` " 1  75 2 X2 ( 0 " * LB )@ c $D    dB * <ZDW   2 + BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 , BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB - <$D i LB . c $DdB / <څD   fdB 0 <rD8 1 0ܠ`/: Gp* 2 LB 2 c $DwdB 3 <ruD 4 0`w$ C4& 2  X2 5 0P 6 C (AFlames1p JpB 7 HD  8 0`s G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ +, ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +~ L0  ??H(  HR H s *3 RB H s *Do  RB H s *Do RB H s *Do hL    H# b "N    H   B H TD P `2  H 0 @P `2  H 0  `B  H 0D P `B  H 0DP P N     H   B H TDP  `2 HB 0` P `2 HB 0  `B H 0DP  `B HB 0DPP  hL p H#   \ N  P  H  p`2 H 0 P `2 H 0 @P B H TD `B H 0D `B H 0DP P N  P  H p `2 H 0 P `2 H 0 @P B H TD `B H 0D `B H 0DP P 8F  >   H  w  !H B2 @"  > Z2 "H s *  RB #H s *Do   $H 0`5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %H 0`N L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2_IX^B &H 6D] ^B 'H 6D   (H 0D`   C1& 2  X2 )H 0   *H 0`T C2& 2  X2 +H 0` ,H 0L`q C3& 2  X2 -H 0~ .H 0(` " 1  75 2 X2 /H 0 " * LB 0H@ c $D    dB 1H <ZDW   2 2H BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3H BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4H <$D i LB 5H c $DdB 6H <څD   fdB 7H <rD8 8H 0`/: Gp* 2 LB 9H c $DwdB :H <ruD ;H 0T`w$ C4& 2  X2 H HDtt  ?H 0`s G  GV* 2 H H 0޽h ?/ 2H3H ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +~ L0 0?@P(  PR >P s *3 RB P s *Do  RB P s *Do RB P s *Do hL    P# R 2N    P   B P TD P `2  P 0 @P `2  P 0  `B  P 0D P `B  P 0DP P N     P   B P TDP  `2 PB 0` P `2 PB 0  `B P 0DP  `B PB 0DPP  hL p P# =  N  P  P  p`2 P 0 P `2 P 0 @P B P TD `B P 0D `B P 0DP P N  P  P p `2 P 0 P `2 P 0 @P B P TD `B P 0D `B P 0DP P 8F  >   P    !P B2 @"  > Z2 "P s *  RB #P s *Do   $P 0`5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %P 0bN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2_IX^B &P 6D] ^B 'P 6D   (P 0<b   C1& 2  X2 )P 0   *P 0(`T C2& 2  X2 +P 0` ,P 0lbq C3& 2  X2 -P 0~ .P 0b " 1  75 2 X2 /P 0 " * LB 0P@ c $D    dB 1P <ZDW   2 2P BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3P BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4P <$D i LB 5P c $DdB 6P <څD   fdB 7P <rD8 8P 0b/: Gp* 2 LB 9P c $DwdB :P <ruD ;P 0\bw$ C4& 2  X2 ?(  R  s *3 RB  s *Do  RB  s *Do RB  s *Do hL    # R 2N       B  TD P `2   0 @P `2   0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B  TDP  `2 B 0` P `2 B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  hL p # =  N  P    p`2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P N  P   p `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P 8F  >       ! B2 @"  > Z2 " s *  RB # s *Do   $ 01b5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" % 0,8bN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 23=^B & 6D] ^B ' 6D   ( 0$@b   C1& 2  X2 ) 0   * 0 EbT C2& 2  X2 + 0` , 0Ibq C3& 2  X2 - 0~ . 0Nb " 1  75 2 X2 / 0 " * LB 0@ c $D    dB 1 <ZDW   2 2 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4 <$D i LB 5 c $DdB 6 <څD   fdB 7 <rD8 8 0@Ub/: Gp* 2 LB 9 c $DwdB : <ruD ; 0lZbw$ C4& 2  X2 < 0pB > HD  ? 0H_bs G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ 23 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& L0 5-P>>T(  TR T s *f RB T s *Do  RB T s *Do RB T s *Do hL    T# R 2N    T   B T TD P `2  T 0 @P `2  T 0  `B  T 0D P `B  T 0DP P N     T   B T TDP  `2 TB 0` P `2 TB 0  `B T 0DP  `B TB 0DPP  hL p T# l B N  P  T  p`2 T 0 P `2 T 0 @P B T TD `B T 0D `B T 0DP P N  P  T p `2 T 0 P `2 T 0 @P B T TD `B T 0D `B T 0DP P 8F  >   T    !T B2 @"  > Z2 "T s *  RB #T s *Do   $T 0ob5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %T 0tubN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2=^B &T 6D] ^B 'T 6D   (T 0}b   C1& 2  X2 )T 0   *T 0bT C2& 2  X2 +T 0` ,T 0bq C3& 2  X2 -T 0~ .T 0tb " 1  75 2 X2 /T 0 " * LB 0T@ c $D    dB 1T <ZDW   2 2T BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3T BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4T <$D i LB 5T c $DdB 6T <څD   fdB 7T <rD8 8T 0b/: Gp* 2 LB 9T c $DwdB :T <ruD ;T 0bw$ C4& 2  X2 T 0Кbs G  GV* 2 H T 0޽h ?/ 2T3T ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& L0 5-`>>X(  XR X s *f  RB X s *Do  RB X s *Do RB X s *Do hL    X# R 2N    X   B X TD P `2  X 0 @P `2  X 0  `B  X 0D P `B  X 0DP P N     X   B X TDP  `2 XB 0` P `2 XB 0  `B X 0DP  `B XB 0DPP  hL p X#   N  P  X  p`2 X 0 P `2 X 0 @P B X TD `B X 0D `B X 0DP P N  P  X p `2 X 0 P `2 X 0 @P B X TD `B X 0D `B X 0DP P 8F  >   X  3 S  !X B2 @"  > Z2 "X s *  RB #X s *Do   $X 0b5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %X 0bN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2=^B &X 6D] ^B 'X 6D   (X 0\b   C1& 2  X2 )X 0   *X 0bT C2& 2  X2 +X 0` ,X 0dbq C3& 2  X2 -X 0~ .X 0@b " 1  75 2 X2 /X 0 " * LB 0X@ c $D    dB 1X <ZDW   2 2X BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3X BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4X <$D i LB 5X c $DdB 6X <څD   fdB 7X <rD8 8X 0pb/: Gp* 2 LB 9X c $DwdB :X <ruD ;X 0bw$ C4& 2  X2 X 0bs G  GV* 2 H X 0޽h ?/ 2X3X ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& L0 5-p>>\(  \R \ s *f  RB \ s *Do  RB \ s *Do RB \ s *Do hL    \# O /N    \   B \ TD P `2  \ 0 @P `2  \ 0  `B  \ 0D P `B  \ 0DP P N     \   B \ TDP  `2 \B 0` P `2 \B 0  `B \ 0DP  `B \B 0DPP  hL p \# xc n N  P  \  p`2 \ 0 P `2 \ 0 @P B \ TD `B \ 0D `B \ 0DP P N  P  \ p `2 \ 0 P `2 \ 0 @P B \ TD `B \ 0D `B \ 0DP P 8F  >   \   !\ B2 @"  > Z2 "\ s *  RB #\ s *Do   $\ 0b5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %\ 0bN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2=^B &\ 6D] ^B '\ 6D   (\ 0Xb   C1& 2  X2 )\ 0   *\ 0bT C2& 2  X2 +\ 0` ,\ 0Ddq C3& 2  X2 -\ 0~ .\ 0pd " 1  75 2 X2 /\ 0 " * LB 0\@ c $D    dB 1\ <ZDW   2 2\ BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3\ BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4\ <$D i LB 5\ c $DdB 6\ <څD   fdB 7\ <rD8 8\ 0 d/: Gp* 2 LB 9\ c $DwdB :\ <ruD ;\ 0dw$ C4& 2  X2 <\ 0pB =\ HD  >\ 0ds G  GV* 2 H \ 0޽h ?/ 2\3\ ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& L0 5->>`(  `R ` s *f  RB ` s *Do  RB ` s *Do RB ` s *Do hL    `# R 2N    `   B ` TD P `2  ` 0 @P `2  ` 0  `B  ` 0D P `B  ` 0DP P N     `   B ` TDP  `2 `B 0` P `2 `B 0  `B ` 0DP  `B `B 0DPP  hL p `# 2 ' N  P  `  p`2 ` 0 P `2 ` 0 @P B ` TD `B ` 0D `B ` 0DP P N  P  ` p `2 ` 0 P `2 ` 0 @P B ` TD `B ` 0D `B ` 0DP P 8F  >   `  A a  !` B2 @"  > Z2 "` s *  RB #` s *Do   $` 0 d5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %` 0'dN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2=^B &` 6D] ^B '` 6D   (` 0\/d   C1& 2  X2 )` 0   *` 04dT C2& 2  X2 +` 0` ,` 0d8dq C3& 2  X2 -` 0~ .` 0@=d " 1  75 2 X2 /` 0 " * LB 0`@ c $D    dB 1` <ZDW   2 2` BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3` BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4` <$D i LB 5` c $DdB 6` <څD   fdB 7` <rD8 8` 0Cd/: Gp* 2 LB 9` c $DwdB :` <ruD ;` 0Hdw$ C4& 2  X2 <` 0pB =` HDf ; >  >` 0Mds G  GV* 2 H ` 0޽h ?/ 2`3` ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& L0 5->>d(  dR d s *̙  RB d s *Do  RB d s *Do RB d s *Do hL    d# yR 2N    d   B d TD P `2  d 0 @P `2  d 0  `B  d 0D P `B  d 0DP P N     d   B d TDP  `2 dB 0` P `2 dB 0  `B d 0DP  `B dB 0DPP  hL p d#   H N  P  d  p`2 d 0 P `2 d 0 @P B d TD `B d 0D `B d 0DP P N  P  d p `2 d 0 P `2 d 0 @P B d TD `B d 0D `B d 0DP P 8F  >   d   !d B2 @"  > Z2 "d s *  RB #d s *Do   $d 0]d5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %d 0cdN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2=^B &d 6D] ^B 'd 6D   (d 0Pld   C1& 2  X2 )d 0   *d 0pdT C2& 2  X2 +d 0` ,d 0Xudq C3& 2  X2 -d 0~ .d 04zd " 1  75 2 X2 /d 0 " * LB 0d@ c $D    dB 1d <ZDW   2 2d BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3d BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4d <$D i LB 5d c $DdB 6d <څD   fdB 7d <rD8 8d 0d/: Gp* 2 LB 9d c $DwdB :d <ruD ;d 0`dw$ C4& 2  X2 d 0ds G  GV* 2 H d 0޽h ?/ 2d3d ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& L0 5->>h(  hR h s *̙  RB h s *Do  RB h s *Do RB h s *Do hL    h# j_ N    h   B h TD P `2  h 0 @P `2  h 0  `B  h 0D P `B  h 0DP P N     h   B h TDP  `2 hB 0` P `2 hB 0  `B h 0DP  `B hB 0DPP  hL p h# H  N  P  h  p`2 h 0 P `2 h 0 @P B h TD `B h 0D `B h 0DP P N  P  h p `2 h 0 P `2 h 0 @P B h TD `B h 0D `B h 0DP P 8F  >   h    !h B2 @"  > Z2 "h s *  RB #h s *Do   $h 0Xd5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %h 0ĠdN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2=^B &h 6D] ^B 'h 6D   (h 0d   C1& 2  X2 )h 0   *h 0dT C2& 2  X2 +h 0` ,h 0 dq C3& 2  X2 -h 0~ .h 0d " 1  75 2 X2 /h 0 " * LB 0h@ c $D    dB 1h <ZDW   2 2h BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3h BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4h <$D i LB 5h c $DdB 6h <څD   fdB 7h <rD8 8h 0dd/: Gp* 2 LB 9h c $DwdB :h <ruD ;h 0(dw$ C4& 2  X2 h 0Tds G  GV* 2 H h 0޽h ?/ 2h3h ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& L0 5->>l(  lR l s *̙  RB l s *Do  RB l s *Do RB l s *Do hL    l# [b "N    l   B l TD P `2  l 0 @P `2  l 0  `B  l 0D P `B  l 0DP P N     l   B l TDP  `2 lB 0` P `2 lB 0  `B l 0DP  `B lB 0DPP  hL p l# C  N  P  l  p`2 l 0 P `2 l 0 @P B l TD `B l 0D `B l 0DP P N  P  l p `2 l 0 P `2 l 0 @P B l TD `B l 0D `B l 0DP P 8F  >   l   3  !l B2 @"  > Z2 "l s *  RB #l s *Do   $l 0xd5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" %l 0dN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2=^B &l 6D] ^B 'l 6D   (l 08d   C1& 2  X2 )l 0   *l 0dT C2& 2  X2 +l 0` ,l 0@dq C3& 2  X2 -l 0~ .l 0d " 1  75 2 X2 /l 0 " * LB 0l@ c $D    dB 1l <ZDW   2 2l BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 3l BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 4l <$D i LB 5l c $DdB 6l <څD   fdB 7l <rD8 8l 0d/: Gp* 2 LB 9l c $DwdB :l <ruD ;l 0Dfw$ C4& 2  X2 l 0fs G  GV* 2 H l 0޽h ?/ 2l3l ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L0 ==p5(  pR p s *̙  hL    p# Lb "N    p   B p TD P `2 p 0 @P `2 p 0  `B p 0D P `B  p 0DP P N     p   B  p TDP  `2  pB 0` P `2  pB 0  `B p 0DP  `B pB 0DPP  hL p p# Y  N  P  p  p`2 p 0 P `2 p 0 @P B p TD `B p 0D `B p 0DP P N  P  p p `2 p 0 P `2 p 0 @P B p TD `B p 0D `B p 0DP P *F  >  p   > r p B2 @ > Z2 p s *  RB  p s *Do RB !p s *Do RB "p s *Do   #p 0|f5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" $p 0 fN L  P1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume6 2=^B %p 6D] ^B &p 6D   'p 0f   C1& 2  X2 (p 0   )p 0"fT C2& 2  X2 *p 0` +p 0\'fq C3& 2  X2 ,p 0~ -p 0(,f " 1  75 2 X2 .p 0 " * LB /p@ c $D    dB 0p <ZDW   2 1p BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 2p BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 3p <$D i LB 4p c $DdB 5p <څD   fdB 6p <rD8 7p 02f/: Gp* 2 LB 8p c $DwdB 9p <ruD :p 07fw$ C4& 2  X2 ;p 0pB      > r  B2 @ > Z2  s *  RB  s *Do RB ! s *Do RB " s *Do   # 05 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" $ 0N L  F1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2=^B % 6D] ^B & 6D   ' 0ؚ   C1& 2  X2 ( 0   ) 0ԟT C2& 2  X2 * 0` + 0q C3& 2  X2 , 0~ - 0| " 1  75 2 X2 . 0 " * LB /@ c $D    dB 0 <ZDW   2 1 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 2 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 3 <$D i LB 4 c $DdB 5 <څD   fdB 6 <rD8 7 0/: Gp* 2 LB 8 c $DwdB 9 <ruD : 0 w$ C4& 2  X2 ; 0rF P` <  Z f2 = 6 e2Uf > 6ZiG P~2 ? N v @j~ @  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `59~ A  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `("d~ B  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `,K~ C  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `o~~ D  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `5R~ E  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `f~ F  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `f~ G  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `f~ H  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `~=~ I  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `u~ J  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `P`pB K HD    L 0䝧s G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ 12 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +02L0 ?171LL0(  R  s *  hL    # Lb "N       B  TD P `2  0 @P `2  0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B  TDP  `2  B 0` P `2  B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  hL p # Y  N  P    p`2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P N  P   p `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P *F  >     > r  B2 @ > Z2  s *  RB  s *Do RB ! s *Do RB " s *Do   # 0 Lf5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" $ 0xRfN L  H1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2>^B % 6D] ^B & 6D   ' 0LZf   C1& 2  X2 ( 0   ) 0OfT C2& 2  X2 * 0` + 0bfq C3& 2  X2 , 0~ - 0gf " 1  75 2 X2 . 0 " * LB /@ c $D    dB 0 <ZDW   2 1 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 2 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 3 <$D i LB 4 c $DdB 5 <څD   fdB 6 <rD8 7 0|Uf/: Gp* 2 LB 8 c $DwdB 9 <ruD : 0rfw$ C4& 2  X2 ; 0rF P` <  Z f2 = 6 e2Uf > 6ZiG P~2 ? N v @j~ @  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `59~ A  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `("d~ B  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `,K~ C  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `o~~ D  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `5R~ E  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `f~ F  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `f~ G  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `f~ H  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `~=~ I  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `u~ J  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `P`pB K HDt    L 0|fs G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ 12 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +02L0 ?171LL0(  R  s *  hL    # Lb "N       B  TD P `2  0 @P `2  0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B  TDP  `2  B 0` P `2  B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  hL p # Y  N  P    p`2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P N  P   p `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P *F  >     > r  B2 @ > Z2  s *  RB  s *Do RB ! s *Do RB " s *Do   # 0Df5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" $ 0tfN L  H1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2>^B % 6D] ^B & 6D   ' 0pf   C1& 2  X2 ( 0   ) 0 fT C2& 2  X2 * 0` + 0̡fq C3& 2  X2 , 0~ - 0 6ZiG P~2 ? N v @j~ @  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `59~ A  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `("d~ B  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `,K~ C  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `o~~ D  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `5R~ E  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `f~ F  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `f~ G  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `f~ H  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `~=~ I  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `u~ J  NBK C DEFBff1((S;ws!Qq07r>  N    {K L  ! e ; y A    U g RIJxT6X( @             `P`pB K HD    L 0,fs G  GV* 2 H  0޽h ?/ 12 ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L0 =L-(  R  s *  hL    # Lb "N       B  TD P `2  0 @P `2  0  `B  0D P `B   0DP P N        B  TDP  `2  B 0` P `2  B 0  `B  0DP  `B B 0DPP  hL p # Y  N  P    p`2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P N  P   p `2  0 P `2  0 @P B  TD `B  0D `B  0DP P *F  >     > r  B2 @ > Z2  s *  RB  s *Do RB ! s *Do RB " s *Do   # 0f5 HThe Air Standard Dual Combustion Cycle (ideal cycle for most IC engines)6I( 2&" $ 0fN L  H1  2 isentropic compression 2  3 heat supply (part) at constant volume 3  4 heat supply (remainder) at constant pressure 4  5 isentropic expansion 5  1 heat rejection at constant volume* 2^B % 6D] ^B & 6D   ' 0f   C1& 2  X2 ( 0   ) 00fT C2& 2  X2 * 0` + 0fq C3& 2  X2 , 0~ - 0f " 1  75 2 X2 . 0 " * LB /@ c $D    dB 0 <ZDW   2 1 BGRCuRENG;Hw3JuRQ `TզGR?`TզGR?uRGR?uR`L  2 2 BPCLENGϾHxLJLQ 7`Tg#PX47`Tg#PX4Lg#PX4L. dB 3 <$D i LB 4 c $DdB 5 <څD   fdB 6 <rD8 7 0?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdfghijklnopqrst{Root EntrydO)PicturesRCurrent UsermSummaryInformation(:TPowerPoint Document(*DocumentSummaryInformation8e