Spectroscopic techniques are most commonly used in molecular biology to study macromolecules: absorption and fluorescence of UV or visible light, circular dichroism to monitor their chiral properties, vibrational spectra, and electron spin resonance when molecules have unpaired electrons. These chapters are taken from the larger volume "The Physical and Chemical Basis of Molecular Biology" (2010, Helvetian Press, www.HelvetianPress.com).
