Bartel, C. (2010). Understanding Manipulative Performance Art. Philosophical Frontiers, 5, 1, 43-54.

Some pieces of performance art are inherently manipulative—that is, they inherently involve the manipulation of unsuspecting passersby. But what does it mean for a piece of performance art to be inherently manipulative? By distinguishing first-order from second-order kinds of attention, an inherently manipulative work is one that depends on an engagement with the second-order kind of attention for a proper understanding or appreciation of that work. Such works may be inherently manipulative, but it remains to be seen whether such qualities of the work should thereby count as moral or aesthetic flaws of the work.