On Sophistical Refutations

“For reasoning rests on certain statements such that they involve necessarily the assertion of something other than what has been stated, through what has been stated: refutation is reasoning involving the contradictory of the given conclusion.” ... Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC), is one of most important philosophers of all time and remain a fountain of inspiration for modern thinkers. His works included logic, physics, politics, metaphysics, rhetoric and zoology, biology, poetic tragedy and ethics that are still relevant today. He also preferred to define things in more concrete and scientific manners and seemed to always have had explanations for everything around him. Sophistical Refutations identifies thirteen fallacies or false reasoning often due to a misconception or a presumption. From these fallacies, he also shows how to construct arguments for a position one has already decided to adopt and how to detect weaknesses in the arguments of others.