SEMICONDUCTOR FUNDAMENTALS, HETEROJUNCTION ENGINEERING AND HYDROGEN EVOLUTION

1.1 Scope of nanotechnology in Energy and environmental remediation Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most powerful scientific and technological advancements of the 21st century, offering innovative solutions to some of the most pressing challenges faced by humanity [1]. Two of the most critical areas where nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential are energy generation and environmental remediation [2]. The rapid depletion of fossil fuels, rising energy demand, and increasing environmental pollution have intensified the need for clean, efficient, and sustainable technologies [3, 4]. Nanotechnology by manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular levels provides a revolutionary approach to designing materials with superior functionalities that can help address these global issues [5].