Modern Analytical Techniques occupies the capstone position in the analytical chemistry sequence of the B.Pharm curriculum. Where earlier courses build a foundation in classical volumetric and basic instrumental analysis, this course, prescribed for the seventh semester, introduces the sophisticated instrumental methods that define contemporary pharmaceutical analysis, quality control, structural elucidation, and bioanalytical science: nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry for structure determination; X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis for solid-state characterisation; ultra-performance and hyphenated chromatographic techniques for separation and identification; green analytical chemistry and bioanalytical method development for sustainable, patient-relevant analysis; and microscopy-based techniques for direct visualisation of pharmaceutical materials. This textbook has been written to cover the complete syllabus of Modern Analytical Techniques (Theory), a three-credit core course carrying 45 lecture hours. The subject brings together an unusually broad span of physics, chemistry, and instrumentation, and students often experience it as a survey of many loosely related black boxes — an NMR spectrometer here, a mass analyzer there, a diffractometer somewhere else — each demanding its own vocabulary and its own set of principles.